Sanctions against russia: dynamics, enhanced restrictions and economic effects

From 2022 to mid-2025, the sanctions regime against Russia was consistently tightened, covering key sectors such as finance, energy, technology and logistics. In early 2025, the United States, the United Kingdom and the European Union introduced new large-scale restrictions, including sanctions against major energy companies, shadow fleet vessels and insurance organizations, as well as a ban on oilfield services. According to a number of economic assessments, the imposed measures have reduced Russia’s GDP by 1–2% per year, with potential long-term losses estimated at 7–14% of GDP. Empirical studies also point to a reduction in company revenues, rising import prices and disruption of production and logistics chains. Despite the partial adaptation of the economy, sanctions continue to have a significant and accumulating negative impact.